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A Fast Learner's Guide to Leadership
Cartright and Zander
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This leadership study, which took In the late 1950s and early 1960s, dealt with groups of workers. Dorwin Cartright and Alvin Zander studied the objectives of groups, finding that group objectives fall into one of two categories. The first objective was the achievement of the group's goals. This aligns with the task orientation. The second objective was the maintenance or strengthening of the group. This aligns with the human or worker orientation seen in past studies. Cartwright and Zander's Research Center for Group Dynamics found that both types of group objectives were effective. They also found that leadership styles vary considerably from manager to manager.
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The first objective, the achievement of goals, is authoritarian. This means that someone of authority, usually a manager, makes the decisions.
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The second objective, group maintenance, is democratic. Employees are included in the democratic decision making process. | |
| Cartright and Zander found that all managers possess both types of objectives in varying degrees. These findings show that managers have different objectives and decision making styles, based on the same types of elements that were brought to light by previous studies: task orientation and worker orientation. | ||
| RELATED BOOKS: | ||
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Making Groups Effective In this newly revised edition of his classic, group dynamics pioneer and leading scholar in small group research Alvin Zander draws on the latest research to show how groups can function more effectively to achieve the full potential of group work. For leaders and group supervisors, as well as members of teams, boards, task forces, and other groups, Zander offers a clear vision of what makes groups work. | |
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